Herbert Simon - Professor, Life Achievements and Personal Life

Herbert Alexander Simon was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 15, 1916. His father, Arthur Simon, migrated from Germany after earning his degree in electrical engineering. He was also an inventor and held several dozen patents. Later he became an independent patent attorney.

Herbert’s mother, Edna Marguerite Merkel, was an accomplished pianist. She was a third generation American having her roots in Prague and Köln. He had an elder brother, five year senior to him.

Herbert had his early education at the public elementary and high school in Milwaukee, which in his own words, provided “excellent general education”. At home too, his parents nurtured in him an early interest in books and music. The public library at Milwaukee also sustained his interest in various subjects.

However, the most important factor that provided him with a direction was his maternal uncle, Harold Merkel, a student of economics and a great debater. Although he died early, his memory was always alive in the family and his books on economics and psychology were preserved with care.

Over time, Harold Merkel not only became a role model for young Herbert Simon, but also inspired him to be a good debater. In order to defend unpopular topics like free trade and single tax, he began reading his uncle’s books. He thus began to grow an interest in social science and economics.

In 1933, Simon entered the University of Chicago and intending to become a mathematical social scientist, took up political science, economics and mathematics. Subsequently, he graduated with a B.A. degree in political science in 1936.

In the same year, he received a research assistantship in the field of municipal administration with Clarence E. Ridley. In 1939, after three years of operational research in this field, he became the director of a research group working in the same field at the University of California, Berkeley.

Around this time he also decided to start working for his doctorate. Since he was working at Berkeley, he now made special arrangement with the University of Chicago and took his doctoral exams by mail. His dissertation was on administrative decision-makingand he received his Ph.D. from Chicago University in 1943.

Meanwhile in 1942, as the research grant at Berkeley was exhausted, Simon joined the political science department of Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago as a faculty member, remaining there till 1949. During this period, he met many well-known economists, especially the staff of the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics.

At that time, the Commission was located inside the University of Chicago and its staff members used to hold regular seminars. Simon now began to participate in those seminars and thus he began to study economics once again, this time going deeper into the subject.

In 1943, he published his first paper on tax incidence. Thereafter in 1947, he published the first edition of his famous book ‘Administrative Behavior: a Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization’; a work that he kept on updating throughout his life.

Sometime now, he was also co-opted by Jacob Marschak to assist him in his work on the prospective economic effects of atomic energy. He was in charge of the macroeconomic parts of that study and in spite of his earlier publications he believed this work to be his actual initiation into analytical economics.

In 1948, he received a public assignment and played an important role in the creation of the Economic Cooperation Administration. The agency was designed to administer the Marshall Plan aid for the U.S. Government.

In 1949, he joined the newly-founded Graduate School of Industrial Administration at Carnegie Institute of Technology as a professor of administration and chairman of Department of Industrial Management. Here, he worked with others to put business education on a more stable ground by incorporating in it economics and behavioral sciences.

Concurrently, from 1950 to 1955, Simon worked with various scholars, the most significant of them being David Hawkins. They worked together to propound as well as prove the Hawkins-Simon Theorem. His work with Albert Ando on near-decomposability and aggregation was another important achievement of this period.

During this period, he also realized that it would be easier to study problem-solving if it was simulated with computer programs. Therefore sometime in 1954, he started working on computer simulation of human cognition.

Eventually Simon also began to take interest in artificial intelligence and started some pioneering works in this field. In 1956, he worked with Allen Newell and Cliff Shaw to develop the Information Processing Language (IPL) and later in the same year, using the IPL, Simon and Newell created the Logic Theory Machine.

In 1957, Simon created General Problem Solver program, known as GPS, using the same IPL. In the same year, he predicted that computer chess would outdo human chess within ten years; however, in reality it took forty years to take it to that level.

In 1963, he wrote a paper on emotional cognition in response to psychologist Ulric Neisser's assertion that machines can never produce ‘hot cognition’ behavior such as pain and pleasure. He updated the paper in 1967 and published it in ‘Psychological Review.

From 1968 to 1972, he was a member of the President's Science Advisory Committee. During this period, he along with others, studied environmental protection policies, from which he tried to gain new research ideas.

Simon remained with Carnegie Mellon University till 2001. Although he had joined the university as professor of administration, because of his interdisciplinary approach, he was later affiliated with the departments of Psychology, Philosophy, and Social and Decision Sciences, as well as with the School of Computer Science and the Tepper School of Business.

Simon was a prolific writer and wrote over a thousand highly cited papers. In addition, he had penned down 27 books, which have been greatly acclaimed by scholars.

Simon’s biggest contribution to the field of economics was the concept of behavioral decision-making. His pioneering research in the area was inspired by his doctoral dissertation on the decision-making processes, which was later released as a book named “Administrative Behavior”. The book dealt with the behavioral and cognitive processes of making decisions. According to him, a decision should be correct and efficient and must be practical enough to be implemented and any decision that involves alternative should be towards an organizational goal. The task of decision-making is to select the alternative results in the more preferred set of all the possible consequences.The key to this work is the idea that human decision making results in satisficing than optimizing. According to Simon’s approach, the entrepreneur is substituted by a configuration of decision makers whose intellect is limited and cooperates to get the right solution for the troubles they would confront. In reality, people in large organizations cannot put all these into action for obtaining rational decisions. Due to the limitation of uncertainty of the future and the ability to process information, people ‘satisifice’ to result in satisfactory outcomes. People in the organization usually come up with decisions for certain goals, which are adjusted when the results do not match. In his book, he rejected the idea of ‘economic man’ who optimizes rather than introducing the concept of a businessman who satisfices.

Simon was one of the first ones to explore the realms of artificial intelligence, and together with Allen Newell came up with the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS is believed to be the first method of distinguishing problem solving scheme from information about particular issues. Both the above programs were developed using the Information Processing Language by Newell, Simon and Cliff Shaw. In 1960s, Simon wrote a paper reacting to a claim by the psychologist Ulric Neisser who stated that machines may duplicate processes like reasoning, planning, deciding but cannot replicate processes like desiring, having emotions etc. His paper was then published in the year 1967, which was ignored by the AI research community for years but later became extremely influential. Simon also teamed up with James G. March on several works in organization theory. Along with Newell, Simon came up with a possibility for the simulation of human problem solving behavior using the production rules. He paired up with Anders Ericsson Simon to develop verbal protocol analysis. Apart from this, Simon wanted to know how humans learn and with Edward Feigenbaum he formulated the Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer theory — one of the first theories of learning as a computer program. This EPAM served as a means to explain a large number of phenomena in the realms of verbal learning.

Simon is best remembered for his book ’Administrative Behavior: a Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization’. First published in 1947, it laid down the foundation for a novel economic intellectual movement called the Carnegie School. The book was later updated several times and republished in 1957, 1976 and 1997.

In 1969, Simon received Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association for his excellence in cognitive psychology.

He was honored with the A.M. Turing Award for his work in computer science in 1975.

In 1978, Herbert Simon received the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations."

He was awarded with the National Medal of Science in 1986.

In 1993, he received the American Psychological Association Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology.

On 25 December 1937, Simon married Dorothea Isabel Pye. The marriage lasted until his death in 2001. In their long married life, lasting 63 years, they shared a wide range of interests and had co-published several papers in public administration and cognitive psychology. They had three children; Katherine, Peter, Barbara.

Simon was diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in his abdomen. In January 2001, he underwent surgery to remove the tumor at UPMC Presbyterian. Although the surgery was successful it gave rise to some complications and he died on February 9, 2001.

Today he is remembered as one of the founding fathers of many scientific domains such as decision-making, problem-solving, artificial intelligence and information processing.