Bertil Gotthard Ohlin - Swedish Men, Timeline and Childhood

Ohlin was born into an upper-middle class family on 23 April, 1899, at the village of Klippan in Sweden, where he lived in a large home with his parents and six siblings.

His father was a district attorney and held a respectable position in society. His father provided him with a little private tutelagebefore he entered school at the age of seven years.

In school he displayed a brilliant aptitude for mathematics which was his favourite subject. He achieved his baccalaureate at ‘Halsingborg’ much earlier than other children of his age.

Owing to his propensity toward calculations and much to his delight, his parents suggested that he get enrolled for a degree in mathematics, statistics and economics at the ‘University of Lund’. At the university he studied under Professor Smil Sommarin and scored the highest in economics when he passed out of the university in 1917.

He was greatly influenced by an article that he read in a newspaper that reviewed a book on ‘Economic Aspects of the World War’ written by Eli Heckscher, who was then a professor at Stockholm Business School.

Thus, he packed his bags and marched off to study under Heckscher’s guidance, where he not only received plenty of knowledge but also propagated principles that would in future solve profit-maximising problems.

After two years at Stockholm he went on to attain an M.A. degree from Harvard University after which he bagged his doctorate degree from Stockholm University in 1924.

He applied for a jobat the University of Copenhagen and was appointed as a professor in January1925.

At Copenhagen Ohlin worked for five years, where he was influenced greatly by the humorous and highly intellectual Dr. L.V. Birck. At the university he also maintained a close rapport with his students.

In 1928 he sent a thesis to Harvard for the ‘David Well’s Prize’; however he received a letter the same year that the prize had been awarded to another economist. But they offered to print his manuscript in the ‘Harvard Economic Studies’.

Thrilled by the offer, he finished his manuscript in 1931. By this time he had begun working as a professor at Stockholm School of Business, where he was appointed as Heckscher’s successor.

It was after he joined Stockholm as professor that he began working on his International Trade Theorem, which came to be called the ‘Heckscher-Ohlin model of International Trade.’

Along with his teacher he proposed a principle that laid emphasis on trade between two countries which rested primarily on two goods of production and two factors of production such as relative amounts of capital and labour.

The theorem states that countries that are capital-abundant would have to pay higher wages and thus industries depending on labour would crush the economy of the country.

It was appropriate for such countries to produce in abundance goods that did not depend much on manual labour such as automobiles and chemicals, and import goods high on labour-value.

In contrast to this, countries low on capital and high in labour should generate goods that can be extensively acquired through labour – like textiles and simple electronics and import goods that are capital intensive.

However today’s economists point out that there are bound to be repercussions in such a theory, as this would suggest that the two countries must share the same needs and reply on only two goods.

This theory won him popularity and he was invited as a guest lecturer to deliver Marshall Lectures at Cambridge.

This provided him the opportunity of summarising the Swedish Theory, and thus he ended up making comparisons to Keynes’ work.

It was at this point that he got into a grave controversy with John Maynard Keynes as he contradicted several of Keynesian theories especially those pertaining to the war reparations that Germany had to pay.

It was in 1944 that he became the leader of the Liberal Party where he retained the position for 23 years. This created a setback in his economist career.

Since the Liberal Party was the leading opposition party, he couldn’t dedicate any of his time to research. As a political leader, he always remained positive to social reforms.

His party opposed any form of nationalisation especially in Swedish industries or any controlling of economic life by the state.

Following the constitutional reform in 1968 that demolished the two chamber system, Ohlin retired from the parliament in 1970.He resumed writing articles andtaking lectures and researched further on his ‘Monetary Theory’ and ‘Inflation-protected Taxation’.

Despite his various accomplishments, Bertil Ohlin once confessed that as a result of attempting too many avenues at the same time he was unable to contribute sufficient time to each of the roles that he played as teacher, researcher, writer and political leader.

As an economist he initiated a number of theorems that proved to be path breaking in the field of economics. His book on ‘International & Interregional Trade’ stirred the concepts of economy, highlighting essential factors of labour and finance on which trade was dependent.

Ohlin’s monetary theory in1929 attracted economists from all around the word to tune into the debate between him and Keynes.

As a political leader, he successfully led his party for over two decades. It was because of his intense calibre that until 1970 no nationalisation of Swedish industry had taken place.

Apart from macroeconomics, towards the latter part of his career he stressed upon the creation of an economic union by bridging social legislation and tax systems.

Alongside theorems, Ohlin wrote numerous articles and reports, some of which were–‘The Equilibrium Rate of Exchange’ in 1921 and ‘Tendencies in Swedish Economics’ in 1927 along with ‘The German Reparations Problem’ 1930.

In 1931 he wrote a report to the League of Nations on ‘The Cause and Phases of the World Economic Depression’. He also published ‘Mechanisms and Objectives of Exchange Controls’ in 1937.

In 1956 he drafted the ‘Ohlin Report’ along with a few other experts who belonged to the ‘International Labour Organisation’, pertaining to the ‘Treaty of Rome’ on common markets and the creation of the ‘European Economic Community’.

He was jointly awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1977, along with James Meade “for their path breaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements."

He died at the age of 80 on 3 August in 1979.

The institute of ‘Stiftelsen Bertil Ohlin’ built in 1933 still continues the work initiated by Ohlin himself in research and debate.

In an interview Ohlin stated that his interest for economics developed when he was five years old. He loved calculations, and at that age he used to calculate the cost of the different types of cakes his mother used to bake.