William Christopher Zeise - Organic Chemists, Birthday and Family

William Christopher Zeise was born on October 15, 1789, in Slagelse, Denmark, to Frederick Zeise and Johanna Helena Hammond. His father, who was a friend of physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, was an apothecary by profession.

Young Zeise gained his early education at the Slagelse Latin School. In 1805, he moved to Copenhagen where he apprenticed as a pharmacy assistant under Gottfried Becker at the Royal Court Pharmacy. The apprenticeship, however, did not last long due to his frail health as he returned home after a few months.

Upon returning home from Copenhagen, he developed an interest in natural philosophy. He engaged himself in reading scientific papers. He briefed himself about the quantitative chemical theory by Antoine Lavosier, Gren's Chemistry, Adam Hauch's Priniciples of Natural Philosophy and Ørsted's papers in Scandinavian Literature and Letters

In 1806, he rearranged his father's pharmacy according to the new pharmacopoeia of 1805, which had imposed the antiphlogistic nomenclature. Zeise made up his mind to return to Copenhagen to pursue his deep-seated desire of studying chemistry and contributing significantly in the field.

By the autumn of 1806, he moved to Copenhagen, where he stayed at Ørsted’s family home. He served as an assistant to Ørsted, helping the latter in preparing university lectures. Ørsted cast a profound influence on the mind of Zeise. The association with Ørsted lasted for several years until Zeise resolved to take up university entrance examination.

In 1809, he became a university student. He first intended to study medicine but realized that his interests his interests had a broader scientific base. As such, he studied medicine, physics, and chemistry.

In 1815, he graduated with a degree in pharmacy. Following year, he received his master’s degree. In 1817, he submitted his doctoral thesis on ‘the effect of alkalies upon organic substances’.

Following his doctoral degree, William Christopher Zeise moved abroad as the University of Copenhagen had no separate lecturing chair in chemistry and no scientific laboratory for the subject. Having obtained some money, Zeise reached Gottingen. He spent the first four months researching at Friedrich Stromeyer's laboratory.

After a short stay at Gottingen, he moved to Paris, where he stayed for a year. In Paris, he befriended distinguished Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius. Interestingly, the two shared a great rapport. Berzelius had high admiration for Zeise and highly praised his doctoral thesis.

Following his stint abroad, he returned to Copenhagen in the autumn of 1819. Until then, things had not changed at the university. Despite being the only trained chemist in Denmark, he had no bright prospects for an appointment.

He collaborated with Ørsted and the two with the help of public funds furthered his work in science. Zeise converted the kitchen of the apartment in Norregade that the university had rented for use as a physics workshop, into his little laboratory that he named, Royal Science Laboratory. He trained ten students in the first year.

In 1822, he was appointed extraordinary Professor of Chemistry. Following year, at his small but efficiently equipped laboratory, Zeise identified a new family of sulfur-containing compounds. He called them xanthates (xanthus in Greek meaning yellow), due to the predominantly yellow colour of xanthate salts. The discovery led to the widespread use of xanthate salts in synthetic chemistry.

In 1824, Ørsted zeroed on a site that eventually became the Danish Polytechnic Education Institution. Originally a farm, the land was transformed. The large stable building in the courtyard served as a chemical laboratory. The college was finally founded in 1829. Zeise played an instrumental role in expanding and organizing the chemical laboratory.

In 1830, he tried to react platinum chloride with ethanol. The reaction led to a series of platinum-based organometallic compounds; one such compound, which he called ‘sal kalicoplatinicus inflammabilis’, today bears his name and is popularly referred to as Zeise's salt. The discovery of the salt stirred a controversy between Zeise and Justus von Leibiz, a German chemist.

The decade of 1830s saw him work on metals, compounds and chemicals. He made several scientific discoveries during this time. In 1832, he discovered thioalcohols (thiols) which he named mercaptans as they formed insoluble mercury salts (corpus mercurium captans). Following year, he discovered thioethers.

Zeise’s last published work showcased his attempt of purifying the pigment carotene from carrot juice in Polytechnic Institute. Through his research, he discovered the fact that the pigment was soluble in carbon disulphide and correctly identified it as hydrocarbon.

Zeise most remarkable scientific discovery came when he synthesized the first synthetic organometallic compound, Zeise’s salt. Originally named ‘sal kalicoplatinicus inflammabilis’, the salt was eventually named after him. However, this was not the only scientific discovery made by him. Zeise’s investigations of organic sulfur compounds led to the discovery of a new class of organic compounds xanthates, which were isolated as yellow potassium salts. He also discovered thioalcohols or mercaptan and the sulfides or thioethers.

Zeise was a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. He received a silver medal by the Academy.

In 1836, he was crowned with one of the highest honours, Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog by the Danish monarch.

William Christopher Zeise tied the nuptial knot in February 1842 with Maren Martine Bjerring.

He suffered from frail health all through. This was probably because of his handling of noxious chemicals in poorly ventilated rooms.

He breathed his last on November 12, 1847 in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Zeise is counted amongst the group of organic chemists who laid the foundations of scientific organic chemistry in the first half of the nineteenth century.