Charles Baudelaire

Charles Baudelaire Childhood & Early Life Charles Baudelaire was born on April 9, 1821 in Paris, France. His father, François Baudelaire was a senior civil servant and an amateur artist. François Baudelaire died in 1827 and the following year, Caroline remarried Lieutenant Colonel Jacques Aupick. No longer being the sole focus of his mother, this affected Baudelaire deeply. He was boarded and educated in Lyon. He was believed to be erratic in studies, sometimes being diligent and other times sitting idle. Later, he studied law at Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris.  During this period, he frequently visited prostitutes which probably contracted him with gonorrhea and syphilis. Baudelaire received his degree in 1839. His stepfather wanted him to pursue a career in law or diplomacy, but instead Charles chose the literary career. In the hope of bringing an end to Charles dissolute habits, Baudelaire was sent on a voyage to Calcutta, India in 1841. This voyage made a strong impact on his artistic view. He returned to the taverns where he started to compose poems of Les Fleurs du Mal. When Baudelaire reached 21, he received a good sized inheritance but he blew much of it within few years. He was known as a dandy and free spender among his artistic circles. During this time, he had a mistress named Jeanne Duval. Though Baudelaire’s mother disliked and rejected her, his friendship with Duval remained intact until his death. He took part in Revolutions of 1848 and wrote for a revolutionary newspaper. In early 1850s, Baudelaire suffered from poor health and was struggling from pressing debts and incomplete literary works. He used to shift lodges to escape creditors. Even though he couldn’t complete most of projects during this time, he did finish translating stories by Edgar Allan Poe. His stepfather died in 1857 but he didn’t receive any share in paternal property. However, Baudelaire was relieved nonetheless as he thought that the differences between him and his mother could finally be sorted. Literary Works “Salon of 1845” was Baudelaire’s first published work. It was an art review and attracted quick attention for its boldness. He had championed Delacroix in his reviews and was remarkable in accordance with the future theories of impressionist painters. The following year, Baudelaire came with second Salon review with additional creditability as an advocate and Romanticism critic. His credit to Delacroix as the foremost Romantic artist garnered him widespread notice. In 1847, Baudelaire’s novella “La Fanfarlo” was published. He was always considered as a slow and fastidious writer and was constantly affected by indolence, emotional distress and illness. The year 1847 saw the coming of his first and most famous poem collection “Les Fleurs du mal” (The Flowers of Evil). Even though the poems reached only to a small, appreciative audience, the subject matter of the poems gained immense attention. The principal themes of the poems like sex and death were scandalous. He had also covered topics like lesbianism, sacred and profane love, metamorphosis, melancholy, the corruption of the city, lost innocence, the oppressiveness of living, and wine. In some notable poems, Baudelaire had used his imagination on sense of smell and of fragrances to evoke feelings of nostalgia and past intimacy. While some of the poems were considered as masterpieces, others were accused of being corrupt and hideous. Baudelaire and his publisher were prosecuted for acting against public morals. They were fined for this offence but Baudelaire was not imprisoned. Six of the poem were suppressed but were printed later as “Les Épaves” (The Wrecks) (Brussels, 1866). Later Years Baudelaire’s next work included translation and adaptation of Thomas de Quincey's “Confessions of an English Opium Eater”. He also wrote “Petits Poèmes en prose” (Small Prose poems) and a series of art reviews, which were published in the Pays, Exposition universelle (Country, World Fair). His following works included studies on Gustave Flaubert and Théophile Gautier. By the time he reached 38, his prolonged illness, stress and poverty had taken a toll on his health and he aged considerably. Later, his mother agreed to let him stay with her for a while at Honfleur. He was at peace during this time and became quite productive in his works. His poem “Le Voyage” gives an impression of his efforts during this time. In 1861, with the bankruptcy of his publisher Poulet Malassis, Baudelaire poverty came back. In 1864, he had to leave for Paris in a hope to sell the rights of his works and to earn by giving lectures. Death In Brussels, Baudelaire started smoking opium and continued his habit of drinking in excess. In 1866, Baudelaire suffered from a massive stroke, which was followed by paralysis. After suffering from aphasia for more than a year, he received his last rites of the Catholic Church. Baudelaire breathed his last on August 31, 1867 and was buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse, Paris. Influence Baudelaire had considerable influence on the direction of modern English and French literature. After his death the following significant French writers honored him, for example, Arthur Rimbaud praised him in a letter as “the king of poets, a true God”. In his memory, Stéphane Mallarmé published a sonnet, “Le Tombeau de Charles Baudelaire” in 1895. In an essay published in 1922, Marcel Proust stated Baudelaire as “the greatest poem of the nineteenth century”, along with Alfred de Vigny. In English speaking regions, Baudelaire was credited by Edmund Wilson as the initial impulse for the Symbolist movement. In 1930, the famous poet, T. S. Eliot praised him as “great genius” and said that Baudelaire was underappreciated for his works. His works were reviewed by critics like Wilson and Walter Benjamin, the latter even translating his “Tableaux Parisiens” into German. By late 1930s, Benjamin started working on his massive work of materialist assessment of 19th century culture, “Das Passagenwerk” and used Baudelaire as the starting point of his work.