Trajan

Trajan never had any children of his own, and after his death, he was succeeded by his adopted son, Hadrian.

Trajan was born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, on September 18, 53 AD. His birthplace, Hispania Baetica, is part of present-day Spain. He was the first Roman emperor who was born outside Italy. He belonged to a well-respected noble family in the province of Hispania.

Trajan’s mother, Marcia, was a Roman noblewoman and the sister-in-law of Roman Emperor Titus. Trajan's father was the governor of Syria.

Trajan started his military training very early in life. As a teenager, he worked in the army under his father’s command. Roman Emperor Domitian, who was known to be ruthless otherwise, was nice to Trajan, as he understood his abilities.

In 89 AD, Trajan marched to Rhine to help Domitian fight against the rebel German governor, Saturninus. Although the battle was won even before Trajan arrived on the battleground, Domitian still decided to honor him. He was bestowed with the honor of praetor in 85 AD and with the honor of consul in 91 AD.

In 96 AD, Domitian was assassinated and Nerva took his place as the ruler of the Roman Empire. Nerva, who was otherwise known as a very weak ruler, acted smartly and made Trajan the governor of Northern Germany. It was a well-calculated move by Nerva, as it earned him the respect of the military that consisted of blind supporters of Trajan.

Nerva was still childless in 97 AD, and many people in the royal court began urging him to choose his successor as soon as possible. Trajan was in Germany when he received a letter from Nerva. In the letter, Nerva had asked him to be his adopted son. Trajan was busy handling some mutinies at that time, and he did not directly travel to Rome. He decided to complete the remaining work in Germany first.

Nerva died in 98 AD, and as he had named Trajan his successor, Trajan was called back to Rome. However, before moving back, Trajan made sure that Garcia was secure from all mutinies and that his allies were still on his side. He entered Rome on foot in 99 AD and was welcomed in a grand way by both civilians and senators.

After becoming the ruler, Trajan chose his right-hand men very carefully. One of them was Pliny the Younger, who acted as his lawyer and author and also served as the governor of Bithynia. He corresponded with Trajan on almost every issue, and they gave way to the arrival of a golden era in the Roman Empire.

Despite the massive respect he got from the Senate, he was far from earning the tag of an absolute ruler that Domitian and Nerva had earned. Despite that, Trajan continued to prove himself to be a better ruler by introducing several new reforms in the society. He ordered the construction of several roads, public baths, and new bridges. He also eased business processes for Rome by building a modern port in Ostia.

Many people felt he followed in the footsteps of Domitian. He freed many prisoners and called back the exiles. This earned him a lot of respect, and his kingdom prospered. Historians often mention him as a thoughtful ruler. However, Trajan’s true passion was war.

Throughout his reign that lasted 19 years, Trajan was involved in several wars. Three of the most widely talked-about wars were the two wars with the Dacians and one at the eastern frontier.

His first battle after becoming the emperor was against the Dacian ruler Decebalus in 101 AD. Trajan and Decebalus had a stiff relationship since the time of Domitian. After finding the right opportunity, Trajan attacked Decebalus and defeated him in the Second Battle of Tapae. Decebalus assured peace, but he was not known as a man of his words. After he broke the peace agreement, he was once again attacked by Trajan.