Robert W. Holley

Holley tied the nuptial knot with Ann Dworkin in 1945. Ann worked as a teacher of mathematics. The couple was blessed with a son Frederick.

He breathed his last on February 11, 1993 at Las Gatos, California. He was 71 years of age.

Robert William Holley was born on January 28, 1922 in Urbana, Illinois to Charles and Voila Holley. He was one of the four sons born to the couple. His parents were educationists by profession.

Young Holley attended public schools in Illinois, California and Idaho. In 1938, he graduated from Urbana High School and later enrolled at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to study chemistry. In 1942, he received his Bachelor’s degree.

Following his graduation, Holley attended Cornell University where he enrolled for a PhD program in organic chemistry, under Professor Alfred T. Blomquist. It was while studying for his PhD that World War II commenced. For two years, from 1944 to 1946, Holley worked with Professor Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornell University Medical College, where he participated in the first chemical synthesis of penicillin. In 1947, Holley completed his PhD studies.

Immediately after completing his PhD degree, Holley spent a year as an American Chemical Society Postdoctoral Fellow with Professor Carl M. Stevens at Washington State University.

During his time at the Washington State University, he worked on the characterization of the metabolic transformations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in bean plants, and identification of the plant hormones, auxins. From his work on penicillin, he established a correlation between the chemical reactivity of amides and their spatial structures

In 1948, he returned to Cornell University where he took up the post of an Assistant Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Geneva Experiment Station. In 1950, he was made Associate Professor, a position he served until 1957.

For a year from 1955 to 1956, Holley served as a Guggenheim Memorial Fellow in the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology. Holley discovered the world of RNA and protein synthesis during this sabbatical.

Meanwhile, at the Massachusetts General Hospital, the characterization of the mechanisms of protein synthesis in the in vitro protein synthesis systems had been made obvious. Subsequently, what followed was the attachment of amino acids to RNAs. However, these RNAs were not the ones playing a role in protein synthesis but those that were present in another of the subcellular fractions used for the in vitro synthesis system.

Holley is best remembered for his work describing the structure of the alanine transfer RNA, linking DNA and protein synthesis. He was the first ever biochemist to provide the full sequence of an RNA molecule and alanine transfer RNA. The bulk of his research work in his scientific career came while he was at the Cornell University. He first focused on the isolation of tRNA and later on the determination of the sequence and structure of the alanine tRNA.