Ralph Vaughan Williams

Ralph Vaughan’s Childhood and Early LifeRalph Vaughan Williams was born in Down, Gloucestershire, England, on 12October 1872 to Reverend Arthur Vaughan Williams, a priest and Margaret Susan nee Wedgewood, who was the great granddaughter of the famous English potter, Josiah Wedgewood, founder of the Wedgewood Company. The famous naturalist Charles Darwin was his great-uncle. His father died in 1975, when he was just three years old and his mother then took him to her family home at Leith Hill Palace. He was sent for piano classes but never liked it. His ultimate salvation lied in violin, his passion.After completing his schooling from Charterhouse School, Vaughan Williams joined Trinity College at Cambridge opting for history and music as optional subjects. Famous philosophers G. E Moore and Bertrand Russell were his contemporaries and friends at Trinity College. After that he attended the Royal College of Music (RCM), where he received training under the famous English composer Charles Villiers Stanford. There he also studied under Hubert Parry, who became a great friend. Leopold Stokowski, the famous British-born conductor, was his fellow student taking organ classes together under Walter Parrett. Gustav Holst was another friend of Vaughan Williams with whom he was actively engaged in constructive criticism of each other’s works, which helped them to progress in their areas of expertise. It was the company of such friends and teachers that helped Vaughan Williams to develop good composing skills.Career‘Linden Lea’ was Vaughan William’s first published work. He was engaged in other tasks as well like conducting, lecturing and editing music. He had learned composing from the famous German composer and conductor, Max Bruch and the French composer, Maurice Ravel. Vaughan Williams had an inquisitive mind and throughout his life he had an insatiable desire to learn more about music. In 1904, he found that many of the English folk songs and carols, which had survived for generations due to the oral tradition, were on the verge of extinction as literacy and printed music started to grow in the countryside. He then travelled through many villages and hamlets to collect such traditional music and later, incorporated these elements in his compositions. His efforts to preserve the traditional music and English folk songs made him the ideal candidate for the President of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. The Society’s library was later renamed, Vaughan Williams Memorial Library, in recognition for his early efforts. He also met the famous folk song writer Reverend George B. Chambers during this time.Vaughan Williams conducted his first concert in 1905, at the Leith Hill Music Festival, which he conducted continuously till 1953 and then passed the responsibility to his successor William Cole. In the year 1909, Vaughan Williams was proposed to compose incidental music for the Cambridge Greek Play, performed by the students and alumni of Cambridge University. The next year, in 1910, he conducted the premiers of “Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis” in string orchestra and also a choral symphony called “A Sea Symphony”, which became famous as his “Symphony No.1”. This was followed by “A London Symphony”, his “Symphony No.2”, which also enjoyed enormous success. This symphony was conducted by renowned English conductor Geoffrey Toye.During World WarsIn 1914, when the World War I began, Vaughan was 41 years old. He could have avoided military service but chose to serve in the Royal Army Medical Corps as a stretcher bearer and after spending a taxing period, in 1917, he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Artillery. He served the army bravely, taking many risks. In one occasion, he directed his battery lying on the ground as he was too ill to stand. During his military service he was exposed to prolonged firing and explosions and this affected his hearing, which declined gradually and eventually caused permanent deafness in his old age. In 1918, he was offered the post of director of Music in the Army, which helped him to return back to his primary passion—music.After the war ended, Ralph Vaughan composed “Pastoral Symphony” (Symphony No.3) in which he used a mystical style. 1924 marked a new phase in his music career as he started adopting lively cross rhythms and clashing harmonies in his compositions. His works like “Toccata Marziale”, “Old King Cole”, “Piano Concerto”, “Sancta Civitas”, “Job: A masque for Dancing” belong to this period.Ralph Vaughan composed his “Symphony No.4 in F minor”, which was composed in a style totally different from his earlier works. This symphony was first played by BBC Symphony Orchestra in 1935. In 1937, he recorded this work with the same orchestra, for ‘His Master’s Voice’ (HMV), which marked his only commercial recording. During this period, he also started giving lectures in America and England. He also gave private music tuitions in London and the famous Irish composer Ina Boyle was one of his pupils.Later YearsVaughan Williams always adopted new techniques and styles in his compositions. He was actively engaged in composing even in his later years. His seventh, eighth and ninth symphonies were composed just a few years before his death. His seventh symphony “Sinfonia Antartica” was composed based on his music score for the film “Scott of the Antarctic”. His “Symphony No.8” was first premiered in 1956 and his “Symphony No.9” was his last symphony, which premiered in 1958.Vaughan Williams was commissioned to wire an arrangement of “The Old One Hundredth Psalm Tune” for the Coronation Service of Queen Elizabeth II and he considered this to be one of the proudest moments in his life. His ninth symphony was to be recorded for Everest Records and Vaughan Williams was to supervise this recording but before this could happen he closed his eyes forever.Personal LifeIn 1896, Vaughan married Adeline Fisher, daughter of famous the historian Herbert William Fisher. She suffered from arthritis and died in 1951. Vaughan maintained a secret affair with the poet Ursula Wood, who was already married to another person. Her husband died in 1942 and she volunteered to become the caretaker for Adeline, Vaughan’s first wife. After the death of Adeline, Vaughan Williams and Woods married in 1953. The couple then moved to Hanover Terrace. The famous British Pianist Harriet Cohen was his lifelong friend. Both were very close to each other and Vaughan Williams often visited her house and also attended parties there. His work “Hymn Tune Prelude” was dedicated to Cohen, which she premiered in 1930. She also played the piece in many of her concerts. In 1933, Cohen premiered his “Piano Concerto in C major” and this work was also dedicated to her. Cohen played Vaughan William’s compositions in her concerts tours throughout Europe, USSR and US. Ursula Woods wrote Vaughan’s biography, which was published in 1964. She remained the honorary president of the Ralph Vaughan Williams Society till her death in 2007. He died on 26 August 1958 at the age of 80 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.LegacyVaughan Williams leaves behind a strong legacy and much of his works where recorded by many musicians, after his death. Early recordings of his symphonies were done by Henry Wood, John Barbirolli, Adrian Boult and Leopold Stokowski. “A London Symphony” was recorded by Sir Eugene Goossens. Dimitri Mitropoulos and Leonard Bernstein recorded the “Fourth Symphony”. Paavo Berglund recorded both the “Fourth Symphony” and the “Sixth Symphony”. Recently, Somm Recordings released the first official recording of his “Fifth Symphony”, conducted by Vaughan Williams in 1952. EMI Classica had released a CD set of 30 CDs, which has all of this great composer’s works with alternative stings. Awards and RecognitionsHe was honored with the prestigious Knighthood but declined to accept it. In 1935, in the Queen’s Birthday Honors, he was recognized with the Order of Merit, a dynastic order meant to recognize distinguished service. He was elected President of the “City of Bath Bach Choir” in 1946 and continued in this position till 1959. Vaughan Williams was elected President of the English Folk Dance and Song Society in recognition of his efforts to preserve folk music the Society’s library was renamed “Vaughan Williams Memorial Library”.Major WorksOperasHugh the Drover or Love in the Stocks, 1920Sir John in Love, 1928    The Poisoned Kiss, 1929Riders to the Sea, 1932The Pilgrim's Progress, 1951The Shepherds of the Delectable Mountains, 1921Incidental musicThe Wasps, 1909The Bacchae, 1911The Death of Tintagiles, 1913BalletsOld King Cole, 1923On Christmas Night, 1926Job: A Masque for Dancing, 1930The Running Set, 1933The Bridal Day 1939SymphoniesA Sea Symphony (Symphony No. 1), 1909A London Symphony (Symphony No. 2), 1913A Pastoral Symphony (Symphony No. 3), 1921Symphony No. 4 in F minor, 1934Symphony No. 5 in D major, 1943Symphony No. 6 in E minor, 1947Sinfonia Antartica (Symphony No. 7), 1952Symphony No. 8 in D minor, 1955Symphony No. 9 in E minor, 1957