Pope Gregory VII

Pope Gregory VII died in exile in Salerno on 25 May 1085. Centuries after his death, he was beatified by Pope Gregory XIII in 1584 and canonized in 1728 by Pope Benedict XIII.

He was born as Hildebrand Bonizi c. 1020 in Sovana, in the county of Grosseto, now southern Tuscany, central Italy. The details regarding his early life and family are obscure. While some sources state that his family was of humble origins, others claim that he hailed from an upper-middle-class family.

As a youth he went to Rome to study. It is believed that his uncle was abbot of a monastery on the Aventine Hill. He received his education from several prominent figures such as Archbishop Lawrence (Laurentius) of Amalfi, who was famed for his knowledge of both Greek and Latin, and Johannes Gratianus, the future Pope Gregory VI.

Pope Gregory VI was deposed by Holy Roman Emperor Henry III in 1046 and exiled to Cologne, Germany. Hildebrand followed him in exile. He continued his studies at Cologne and returned to Rome in early 1049 accompanied by Bruno of Toul after the death of Gregory VI.

Bruno of Toul became Pope Leo IX in 1049 and named Hildebrand as deacon and papal administrator. This marked the beginning of his long and successful religious career. For the next 24 years Hildebrand served Pope Leo IX and his four successors. During this period he went on legatine missions in Italy, France, and Germany, and played a vital role in the formulation and implementation of papal policy.

By the early 1060s, he had become one of the most powerful figures in the papal administration and a prominent papal adviser. He played a major role in the election of Anselm of Lucca the Elder as Pope Alexander II in the papal election of October 1061. During Pope Alexander II’s tenure Hildebrand played an instrumental role in the reconciliation with the Norman kingdom of southern Italy.

Hildebrand rose to such a significant position in the papal administration that there was no doubt that he would one day succeed Pope Alexander II. When Alexander II died in 1073, Roman citizens and clergy raised Hildebrand to the papacy. Hildebrand took the name Gregory in memory of Gregory I.

As the pope he became deeply involved in the reform of the Church. He was of the belief that Church was founded by God and is thus a divine institution. It was his conviction that as the pope and the head of the Church, he was the vice-regent of God on earth. He went on claim that disobedience to him implied disobedience to God: or, in other words, a defection from Christianity.

The pope’s convictions led him to conflict with the rulers of the European kingdoms as his insistence on the elimination of secular influence threatened the very existence of the kingdoms. The pope’s attempts to establish the supremacy of the Church led to bitter tension between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the Church.

Pope Gregory VII is best remembered for his role in the Investiture Controversy, which was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. The controversy which began as a power struggle between Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, ultimately ended in 1122 when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms.

He initiated a series of reforms which later became known as the Gregorian Reforms. These reforms primarily dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy, including the enforcement of the Western Church's ancient policy of celibacy for the clergy.