Maria Montessori

She formed a relationship with Giuseppe Montesano, a fellow doctor. A son, Mario, was born in 1898 as a result of their union. Montessori and Montesano did not get married and their relationship ended when Montesano married another woman. Her son would collaborate with his mother on many of her later works.

She lived a long life and was active in the field of education till the very end. She died in 1952 at the age of 81.

Maria Montessori was born in Italy to Alessandro Montessori and his wife Renilde Stoppani. Her father worked in the Ministry of Finance and her mother was well educated for a woman of her time. Her family gave much importance to education and Maria herself possessed an unquenchable thirst for knowledge.

She began attending a public elementary school in 1876 and a few years later entered a secondary school Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti where she learned Italian, arithmetic, accounting and science among other subjects.

She was particularly good at mathematics and science and thus aspired to be an engineer. It was very unusual for girls of that era to study technical subjects, but Maria strived hard to break gender barriers. She graduated with a degree in physics-mathematics from Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci in 1890.

Her parents wanted her to become a teacher, but Maria was interested in pursuing higher education. By this time she had realized that she wanted to be a doctor and entered the medical program at the University of Rome in 1893.

She faced considerable criticism and discrimination as a female medical student but was determined in her quest. She specialized in pediatrics and psychiatry and became a doctor of medicine in 1896.

Following her graduation as a medical doctor she was employed as an assistant at the San Giovanni Hospital attached to the University. During this time she also started private practice. In late 1896 she became a surgical assistant at Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome.

During her early medical career she worked mostly with the poor and children. She had a deep interest in education as well as psychiatry and used to observe the ways in which children were educated. She felt that children could do better if some changes were made to the existing education system.

She extensively read the works of the 19th century educators Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin and was greatly inspired by their ideas. She decided to focus her future work on children with learning difficulties.

She was appointed as a councilor to the newly formed National league for the Protection of Retarded Children in 1899. She lectured on special methods of education for retarded children and also wrote several articles on this topic.

Her studies on retarded children inspired her to test her theories on normal children. The Government of Italy gave her this opportunity and in 1907 she opened the Casa dei Bambini or Children’s House enrolling around 50-60 children from poor backgrounds.

She is most famous for developing the Montessori system of education in which each child is treated as an individual in his own right. Children are encouraged to learn at their natural speed in a child friendly environment which whets their curiosity to learn. Today this approach to education is very popular all over the world.