Karlheinz Stockhausen

Karlheinz Stockhausen’s Childhood and Early Life Karlheinz Stockhausen was born in the town of Modrath, on the suburbs of Cologne, in Germany, on August 22, 1928, to Simon and Gertrud Stockhausen. Simon was a school teacher while Gertrud was an amateur pianist. Karlheinz’s early life was one of hardships. In the two years following Karlheinz’s birth, Gertrud gave birth to a daughter, Katherina and a second son, Hermann-Josef. She suffered a mental breakdown in 1932 following which she was institutionalized. A few months later, Karlheinz lost his younger brother Hermann. His father remarried their family housekeeper. Stockhausen had an unhappy relationship with his stepmother due to which he became a boarder at the teachers training college in Xanten, in 1942. The World War II years continued to be hard on Stockhausen. He received the news that his mother had died in 1942. Though the cause was stated as leukemia, it was widely believed that she was also a victim of the Nazi policy of getting rid of invalids. His father had gone to war and never returned. Karlheinz himself worked as a stretcher carrier at an army hospital at the age of 16. All these experiences were said to have left their imprints on the works of Stockhausen. Education Karlheinz Stockhausen started learning piano at the age of seven under Franz-Josef Kloth, a Protestant organist of the Altenberg Cathedral. He continued his piano studies while at Xanten. There he also studied oboe and violin. Following the war, Stockhausen studied piano and music pedagogy at Hochschule fur Musik Koln (Cologne Conservatory of Music) from 1947-1951. He was also a student of musicology, philosophy and Germanics at the University of Cologne. He also had training in harmony and counterpoint. In 1952, he moved to Paris to attend classes under the composers Olivier Messiaen and Darius Milhaud. Under Messiaen, he studied aesthetics and analysis for a year while he discontinued his composition classes with Milhaud after only a few weeks. In 1953, he returned to Germany to work at the Electronic Music Studio of Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (Northwest German Broadcasting) as assistant to Herbert Eimert. He would eventually go on to succeed Eimert as director of the studio in 1962. Meanwhile, he studied phonetics, acoustics and information theory at the University of Bonn. Career Karlheinz Stockhausen composed more than 300 pieces of music in genres as varied and as different from each other as one could imagine. It looked like he was set on the unconventional from the beginning. Even his earliest experiments included the use of tape recorded sounds of glass, metal and wood among other unconventional sources. His earliest experiments in the field of electronic music were the pieces Kreuzspiel (Cross Game) and Kontra Punkte (Counterpoint), which he composed in the years 1951 and 1952 respectively. Following a pattern of athematic serial, through these works Stockhausen laid a precursor for what was to follow. The piece that made the world sit up and take serious note of him followed soon enough with Gesang der Jünglinge (Song of the Youths), in 1956. It was during this period that Stockhausen also started experimenting with spatial music. Spatial music refers to the use of localization of sounds in physical space for assimilation in compositions. He also started focusing on aleatory in compositions. This includes leaving certain portions of the music to chance, a part left to the disposition of the performers. The routine nature of compositions and the manner in which they were composed prompted Stockhausen to dabble with the elements of composition. The result was what he called ‘variable form’. Herein the players’ capabilities and the settings in which the music was played came to the forefront. The use of graphic notations (diagrams and other representations in place of conventional notations), followed with the scores often being written in a manner that allowed performers to start from any page, from right to left or even upside down. His works came in different forms—open, closed and polyvalent. The 1960’s saw Stockhausen continue with his experiments. He continued to compose with the aid of electronically produced sounds. He also continued with experimentation on spatial arrangements. He was of the view that concert halls should be built in a manner that suits spatial experimentation in music. He produced many major compositions, which laid down different theories and concepts of composition in this decade. Major works of this decade include Momente (Moments) in 1962-1964, Telemusik in 1966 and Hymen (Hymns) in 1967 among others. By 1970’s, Stockhausen had reverted to composing music based more on instruments. In the 1970 World Fair at Osaka, all the existing compositions of Stockhausen were presented before an appreciative audience in daily sessions that were as long as five hours or more. These performances took place in a spherical amphitheater, which was built according to Stockhausen’s specifications. He developed a technique called ‘formula composition’, which he employed in many of his works of this decade including Mantra and Inori. Famous Works In 1977, Stockhausen embarked on what is considered to be his greatest work—Licht: Die sieben Tage der Woche ("Light: The Seven Days of the Week"), a work of epic proportions that would occupy the next 25 years of his life. Stockhausen composed this work which amounts to 29 hours of playing time consisting of 7 operas with the intention of it being played continuously. The seven operas are in reference to the qualities of each days of the week. Pieces from this work were performed from as early as 1981 though it is yet to be performed in its entirety. It is not helped by the fact that the composition demands different set of players, sometimes even for different scenes. Also, the Helikopter-Streichquartett (Helicopter String Quartet) requires a string quartet and 4 helicopters with audio and video equipment and technicians to be flown and the sound and video to be transmitted to the concert hall through speakers! The seven operas of the Licht are Donnerstag (1978–80), Samstag (1981–83), Montag (1984–88), Dienstag (1977/1987–91), Freitag (1991–94), Mittwoch (1995–97) and Sonntag (1998–2003). In 2003, when he finally completed Licht, he started on a new composition series called Klang which was to depict each of the 24 hours of the day. Sadly, he was able to complete only 21 of these at the time of his death. Family And Personal Life Karlheinz Stockhausen was married twice, both of which ended in divorce. In his first marriage, with Doris Andreae, in 1951, he had four children—Suja, Christell, Markus and Majella. In his second marriage, with Mary Bauermeister, a German artist, he had two children—Julika and Simon. Four of his children followed him into the world of music in various capacities. Stockhausen even composed some of his works specifically for them. Other Activities Stockhausen involved himself in teaching music throughout his career. He frequently lectured and gave concerts in Europe and North America. As a guest lecturer, he used to give classes in composition at the Universities of Pennsylvania and California. He also had a stint as professor of composition at the Hochschule of Musik, Koln, from 1971-1977. There he also founded the Cologne Courses of New Music in 1963. He founded the Stockhausen courses in 1998. Universal Edition brought out the earlier works of Stockhausen. Beginning in 1970’s, Stockhausen started publishing his own works under the banner Stockhausen-Verlag. He wanted to make sure that all of his works were available in compact discs. To this purpose he brought the rights to all of his works. Legacy Karlheinz Stockhausen was a product of his times. The changes in perspective that the World Wars had brought about were having its effect on all spheres in the globe. The world of music demanded a change in the landscape that had tended to remain constant more or less. Stockhausen and his avant-garde contemporaries were an answer to this demand. Exploiting the ever advancing technology and a musical perspective that was to a great extent radically different from earlier generations, Stockhausen went about reshaping music as it was known. Influenced by his works, performers like The Beatles started stepping out of halls into public venues. This changed the norms for bands forever. Electronic music would become a part and parcel of everyday life. People would soon start dabbling in it in their garages and backyards. Karlheinz Stockhausen will forever be remembered as the man who helped the music world take not only its baby steps but also giant and unprecedented leaps in this regard.