Jethro Tull

Jethro Tull married Susanna Smith of Burton Dassett, Warwickshire. The couple had three children together; a son and two daughters, and the family settled on Tull’s paternal farm.

Jethro Tull died on February 21, 1741 at Prosperous Farm, Hungerford, Berkshire, England, at the age of 66. He is buried in the churchyard of St Bartholomew's Church, Lower Basildon, Berkshire, England.

Jethro Tull was born in Basildon, Berkshire, England to Jethro Tull Sr., a farmer, and his wife, Dorothy Tull. He was baptized there on March 30, 1674, and grew up on a country estate.

At the age of 17, he was enrolled at St. John's College, Oxford, to obtain a degree in law but left before completing his graduation. Then, he became a member of Staple Inn where he studied for two years and was subsequently called to the bar by the benchers of Gray's Inn in 1693. He qualified as a barrister in 1699 but never practiced law.

Soon after his appointment to the bar, he fell ill with a pulmonary disorder which changed the course of his professional life. Subsequently, he travelled to Europe in pursuit of a treatment.

During his tour, Tull observed the farming methods of France and Italy which were much more superior to that of England. Thereafter, upon returning to his own country, Tull took into his own hands a farm called Prosperous, at Shalbourne, and started experimenting with new agricultural methods.

For the rest of his life, he worked on the farm and played a major role in revolutionizing the British agriculture. He suggested pulverizing the soil, planting with drills, and thorough tilling during the growing period to promote production.

At that time, the most common practice of sowing seeds was to simply scatter them, and watch them sprout and grow along with weeds. He thought of an idea to increase the production using less number of seeds if crops were sown in arranged rows that could be weeded. Thus, in 1701, he came up with a horse-drawn seed drill that carefully sowed the seeds in neat rows.

Later, impressed by the cultivation methods used in the vineyards of France and Italy wherein the rows of earth between the vines had been pulverized, he developed a horse-drawn hoe and successfully implemented the vineyard method to his farm. This technique helped in reduction of the manure and increased the access of water to and from plant roots.

In 1701, Tull made a major improvement in planting crops with his invention of seed drill, a mechanical seeder that sowed efficiently at the correct depth and spacing and then covered the seed so that it could grow. By 1866, the seed-drill developed into one of the most common implements on English farms.

With an experience of nearly 40 years of fieldwork, Tull wrote ‘The New Horse-Hoeing Husbandry; or, an Essay on the Principles of Tillage and Vegetation’, published in 1731. The book depicts his ideas on plant physiology and advice on plant culture, and was later translated into French, Dutch, German, and other European languages.