Gerard ’t Hooft

In 1972, he married Albertha A. Schik, a student of medicine in Utrecht at that time. They have two daughters.

Gerard 't Hooft was born in Den Helder on July 5, 1946, into a family of scholars. The middle child in a family with three children, he grew up in The Hague. His grandmother was a sister of Nobel Prize laureate, Frits Zernike, and his uncle, Nico van Kampen, was a professor of theoretical physics at Utrecht University.

As a young boy he attended the Dalton Lyceum where he excelled in science and mathematics but struggled with the languages. His aptitude for the sciences—especially physics—was apparent from a young age and he decided early on to become a scientist. A brilliant student, he earned a silver medal in the second Dutch Math Olympiad when he was 16.

He graduated from high school in 1964 and enrolled at the Utrecht University to study physics. His uncle was a professor there and he wanted to attend his lectures. While studying there he also joined the Utrechtsch Studenten Corps, an elite student association, and participated in co-curricular activities.

During his college days, he became acquainted with Professor Martinus Veltman, who specialized in Yang–Mills theory, a concept ‘t Hooft was interested in. he started his doctorate work under Veltman in 1969 and chose to work on the renormalization of Yang–Mills theories.

Following a period of intense collaboration and exciting discoveries, the student and his mentor developed the technique of dimensional regularization.’t Hooft obtained his Ph.D. in 1972 with a thesis titled ‘The Renormalization procedure for Yang–Mills Fields.’ By this time he had already demonstrated that Yang–Mills theories with massive fields due to spontaneous symmetry breaking could be renormalized.

Upon completing his doctorate Gerard 't Hooft joined CERN in Geneva on a scholarship. Veltman also joined the organization shortly after and the two scientists continued their collaborative work. Together, they refined their methods for Yang–Mills theories.

Soon they began examining the possibility that the strong interaction could be described as a massless Yang–Mills theory. The theory had been proven to be renormalizable, and according to ‘t Hooft’s experimentation, this theory possessed certain properties that were contrary to popular perception of Yang–Mills theories at the time. However, he did not publish his results which were eventually rediscovered and published by Hugh David Politzer, David Gross, and Frank Wilczek in 1973.

In the 1960s scientists had formulated the electroweak theory—an important theory on electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force—but were unable to provide the required mathematical foundation. Gerard 't Hooft and Veltman took this challenge and were able to successfully renormalize it into a workable theory in 1969.

Taking further their research,’t Hooft published two articles that supported their findings and helped in taking forward the theory. The men were able to identify the properties of the W and Z particles predicted by the theory which led to the development of the ’t Hooft-Veltman model which allowed scientists to calculate the physical properties of other particles, including the mass of the top quark.

In 1974, 't Hooft returned to Utrecht an assistant professor. He was invited for guest positions at Harvard (Morris Loeb lecturer) and Stanford in 1976. He was appointed a full professor in 1978.

An expert in the fields of Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Gravity, he in collaboration with Martinus Veltman showed that the electroweak theory is renormalizable. Until the late 1960s the electroweak theory was without a mathematical foundation and the pair of scientists successfully changed, or “renormalized” it.