Gerald Edelman

In 1950, Gerald Edelman married Maxine M. Morrison. The couple had three children. While the eldest son, Eric, is a visual artist in New York, daughter Judith is a well-known bluegrass vocalist. Only their second child, David, followed his father’s footstep and became an adjunct professor of neuroscience at University of San Diego.

Towards the end of his life, Edelman developed prostate cancer and Parkinson's disease. He died on May 17, 2014 in La Jolla, California. He was then 84 years old.

Gerald Edelman was born on July 1, 1929, in Ozone Park, New York City. His father, Edward Edelman, was a practicing physician while his mother, Anna (née Freedman) Edelman, was employed in the insurance industry.

Young Gerald had his schooling at John Adam High School in Queens, New York City. Since his ambition was to become a concert violinist he also took training under noted teacher cum performer Albert Meiff.

At sixteen, Gerald realized that he did not have the required drive to become a professional violinist and decided to follow his father’s footstep and study medicine. So, after passing out from school in 1946, he enrolled at Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania.

In 1950, he graduated magna cum laude with a B.S. degree in chemistry and entered the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Medicine. He received his M.D. in 1954. In 1955, he completed his internship at Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics and joined Massachusetts General Hospital as a medical house officer.

Later in the same year, he joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps as a captain, and for two years, practiced general medicine at military hospital in Paris. His interest in antibodies was ignited during this period and he decided to investigate more into it.

In 1960, Edelman was appointed as Assistant Dean of Graduate Studies at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. In 1963, he was promoted to the post of Associate Dean of Graduate Studies and then from 1966 to 1992, he served as a full professor at the same Institute.

At this time, not much was known about the chemical structure of antibodies. Although by then, it was established that they combated antigens, it was not clear how they recognized them. While working at Rockefeller Institute Edelman began his research on that.

He realized that antibodies were made up of two light and two heavy amino acid chains, linked together by disulfide bonds. In 1969, Edelman was able to spilt these antibodies and create an exact model. Later, he also pin pointed the precise position of antigenic binding and explained the mode of their functioning.

Subsequently, Edelman’s interest took a different direction. He began to wonder how one single fertilized cell turns into a multi-cellular organism. He therefore started working on primary cellular process, focusing especially on the interaction in cells and formation of nervous system in the early stages of embryonic development.

In 1975, he discovered a new type of protein called ‘cell adhesion molecules’ or CAMs and established that, as the brain develops, these CAMs bind the neurons together to form its basic circuit. Later it was established that CAMs help organism to achieve its shape and also to build its nervous system.

Edelman is best remembered for his research on molecular immunology. He hypothesized that antibodies consisted of multiple amino acid chains held together by disulfide bonds. He dissolved these bonds and separated the antibodies in order to identify their components.

Subsequently, he found that antibodies were made up of two heavy and two light chains consisting of 1300 amino acids. Next he located the antigen-binding (variable) regions and effector function-conferring (constant) regions. Finally he produced the exact replica of an antibody.

He also established that all antibodies have the same basic structure. When different antigens attack our body, it produces diverse materials, generated in combination of various gene segments. The right antibody, selected from these materials, quickly multiplies to form the immune system.

This discovery provided a great insight into the structure and functions of antibodies. It also opened the door for further studies, which in turn had a far reaching effect on medical science.