Douglass North

He married Lois Heister in 1944. They had three sons and his wife eventually became a successful politician in the Washington State legislature. Their marriage, however, unraveled over time and the couple divorced.

His second marriage was to Elisabeth Case in 1972.

He suffered from esophageal cancer and died on November 23, 2015, at the age of 95.

Douglass North was born on November 5, 1920, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. to Henry North and Edith Saitta as the youngest of their three children. He had one brother and one sister. His father was a high school dropout who worked in the insurance sector, eventually becoming head of MedLife on the West Coast. His mother too was not much educated but her intellectual curiosity helped the young boy in developing his own intellect.

After receiving his primary education from private schools, he completed high school from the Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut. During his teenage he was deeply interested in photography and even won prizes in an international competition for college and high school students.

He then enrolled at the University of California at Berkeley. There he became a convinced Marxist and vehemently opposed the World War II. He was an average student although he had a triple major in political science, philosophy, and economics.

He planned to go to law school but the World War II interrupted his plans. During war time he joined the Merchant Marine as he did not want to kill anybody. He served as a navigator and enjoyed making repeated trips across the oceans to different continents.

During his military service he got ample time to read economics, developing a very keen interest in the subject. During the last year of the war, he taught celo-navigation at the Maritime Service Officers' School in Alameda, California.

He had begun working as an assistant professor of economics at the University of Washington in 1951, even before completing his doctorate. He held this position until 1956 when he was promoted to an associate professor.

He was invited by Solomon Fabricant, who was then director of research at the National Bureau of Economic Research, to do research for a year at the Bureau as a research associate. North spent 1956-57 there during which period he also performed empirical work with Simon Kuznets for a week.

In 1960, he accepted the position of professor of economics at the University of Washington where he would remain for more than two decades until 1983. He also served as the chair of the economics department from 1967-79.

He served as the Peterkin Professor of Political Economy at Rice University in 1979 and as the Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at Cambridge University in 1981-82. In 1983, he joined the faculty of Washington University in Saint Louis as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Law and Liberty in the Department of Economics.

Over the course of his career, he also served as an advisor to governments around the world including China, Latin America and elsewhere. He was highly respected as an adviser in Eastern Europe and new independent former Soviet states in the 1990s.

An economic historian, he was one of the founding fathers of the influential new institutional economics and brought about a rigorous analysis to the study of institutional dynamics. His research areas also included property rights, transaction costs, and economic organization in history as well as economic development in developing countries.