Cornelius Vanderbilt

In December 1813, Vanderbilt married Sophia Johnson, his first cousin. They had 13 children and the couple remained together until the death of Sophia in 1868.

In 1869, he tied the knot with Frances Armstrong Crawford, a distant cousin from Alabama who was 45 years younger than him. They remained married until Vanderbilt’s death in 1877.

Cornelius Vanderbilt died on January 4, 1877, at his home in New York, U.S., after a long illness, leaving the majority of his estate to his eldest son, William. He was interred in the family vault in the Moravian Cemetery at New Dorp on Staten Island.

Cornelius Vanderbilt was born on May 27, 1794, in Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York, to Cornelius van Derbilt, a seaman, and his wife, Phebe Hand. He had many siblings but most of them died at a young age.

At the age of 11, Vanderbilt left school and started working, as a boy, on his father's ferry in New York Harbor. When he was 16, Vanderbilt decided to start his own ferry service and purchased a sailboat.

He commenced his own company ferrying passengers and freight in New York Harbor between Staten Island and Manhattan. Subsequently, his business grew and during the War of 1812, he managed to acquire a government contract to provide supplies to forts along the Hudson River.

Between 1814 and 1818, he expanded the business with additional boats for freight and passenger services in Long Island Sound, and in the coastal trade from New England to Charleston in South Carolina.

Upon spotting the emergence of steam vessels in the sea transportation business, in 1817, Vanderbilt sold his sailing vessels and started working, as a steamboat captain, in partnership with Thomas Gibbons, operating a ferry service from New Jersey to New York.

The business flourished and emerged as one of the most dominant ferry services on the busy Philadelphia-New York City route. In the 1820s, Vanderbilt started his own company, building steamships and operating ferry lines around the New York region. Subsequently, he expanded its services to the Long Island Sound, Providence and Connecticut areas.

Eventually, his business controlled most of the Hudson River traffic and by the mid-1840s, Vanderbilt was operating with a fleet of over 100 steamboats. During this time, he also operated several other businesses such as buying large amounts of real estate in Manhattan and Staten Island.

Subsequently, he became a part of ventures in Central America and began supervising a transatlantic steamship between New York and France. In 1859, he established the Atlantic & Pacific Steamship Company.

In the 1860s, Vanderbilt seized another business opportunity and shifted his focus from shipping to the railroad industry, which was entering a period of great expansion in the United States. Subsequently, he purchased and interconnected several existing railway lines operating in the country, establishing an interregional railroad system.

In 1870, he consolidated two of his key lines into the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, one of the first giant corporations in the history of America. His acquisition of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railway provided the first thorough rail service between New York and Chicago. Subsequently, he acquired numerous railroads, giving rise to the largest American railway transportation system of the time.