Charlemagne

In 768, he formed a relationship with Himiltrude and she became his concubine. She remained unknown for most of the years. However, the couple had two children- a daughter, Amaudru and a son, Pippin the Hunchback.

In 770, he married a Lombard princess Desiderata, daughter of King Desiderius, to conspire against his own brother Carloman by forming a Frankish-Lombard alliance. Thereafter, he disclaimed her as his wife.

In 771, he married Hildegard of Vinzgouw. This matrimonial alliance produced nine children namely, Charles the Younger, Carloman (Pippin), Adalhaid, Rotrude, Louis, Lothair, Bertha, Gisela, and Hildegarde.

He was born to the King of the Franks, Pepin the Short and his wife Leutberga. His parents were not married at the time of his birth and his father was the first of the Carolingians to be the king.

In 753, when he was a child, Pope Stephen II requested his father, Pepin the Short to provide military assistance against the Lombards. Following the victory over Lombards, his father was given the kingship over Franks and in the following year, he was crowned as the king.

In 756, his father Pepin the Short again offered military assistance to Pope Stephen II against the Lombards and took away Ravenna from them which they had captured from the Byzantines.

In 760, he assisted his father in his the military efforts to triumph over Aquitaine which was the land in the south of the Loir River that used to come under Rome.

In 768, the death of his father Pepin the Short was followed by the division of his kingdom among him and his younger brother Carloman. The two brothers detested each other and a struggle ensued over the shared possessions.

In 774, on Pope Adrian I’s request for help, he conquered Lombardy after taking besieging Pavia. Soon he was crowned the King of the Lombards in Pavia where he vowed to protect the Papal lands.

In 778, the battle of Roncevaux Pass took place in which commander of the rear guard of his army, Roland was defeated by the Basques. His defeat was compiled in the form of an epic literature ‘Song of Roland’ that consists of 4000 lines and is one of the oldest surviving works in French literature.

In 781, he crowned his two younger sons as kings. The elder son, Carloman, was made the king of Italy and the younger one, Louis, was given the kingship over Aquitaine.

In 782, he ordered the execution of 4500 Saxon prisoners of war at Verden in a day, in response to the attacks by the Saxon leader Widukind. It was the only unlawful murder which he carried out during his reign.

In 789, he turned to Bavaria and deposed the ruler. He forced him to renounce any claim to Bavaria in 794 and divided Bavaria into Frankish counties.

In 775, he attacked a Germanic tribe Saxon who threatened the north-eastern frontiers of his new kingdom. In the same year, the Duke of Hrodgaud of Friuli rebelled but was defeated by him. Thereafter, the Duke of Spoleto signed a treaty with him and gave him the full power over Northern Italy.

In 783, he initiated a three year campaign to conquer Saxony. Soon after, he triumphed over Saxons and enforced new set of rules to carry out proper administration of the newly conquered territories.

During 791-96, he conquered the empire of the Avars and added them to his own kingdom.