Cesar Milstein

Cesar Milstein met Celia Prilleltensky, his future wife, while he was studying in the University of Buenos Aires. The two hit it off instantly and married immediately following their graduation in 1953. They spent a year honeymooning, hitch-hicking across Europe before returning to Argentina to resume studies.

Milstein died of a heart condition on March 24, 2002 in Cambridge, England, at the age of 74.

Cesar Milstein was born on October 8, 1927 in Bahia Blanca, Argentina to Maxima and Lazaro Milstein, a Jewish Ukrainian immigrant. His mother belonged to a poor immigrant family and was a teacher by profession. He was the second of the three sons born to the couple.

Milstein’s parents were determined to bring up their children with good education. As such, when young Milstein completed his preliminary studies, he was enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires. Milstein though academically average was active in student union affairs and politics.

Upon completing his graduation from the University, Milstein took a year off, travelling through Europe, before returning to Argentina. He resumed his studies with an aim to get a doctoral degree. Under the guidance of Professor Stoppani, the Professor of Biochemistry at the Medical School, Milstein completed his thesis on kinetics studies with the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Immediately following his doctoral degree, Milstein was granted a British Council fellowship which led him to join the biochemistry department at Darwin College, University of Cambridge to work under Malcolm Dixon on the project, mechanism of metal activation of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. While working with Dixon, he joined Frederick Sanger’s group on a short-term Medical Research Council appointment.

After completing his fellowship and collaboration with Sanger’s group, Milstein returned to Argentina in 1961 for a period of two years. Therein, he served as the head of the then newly created Department of Molecular Biology at the National Institute of Microbiology in Buenos Aires. During this time, he extended his study of mechanisms of enzyme action to the enzymes phosphoglyceromutase and alkaline phosphatase.

The 1962 military coup which resulted in the dismissal of Institute’s director Ignacio Pirosky forced Milstein to resign and return to Cambridge.

At Cambridge, Milstein re-joined work with Sanger, who meanwhile had been appointed as the Head of the Division of Protein Chemistry in the newly-formed Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Medical Research Council. On the suggestion of Sanger, Milstein shifted his focus from enzymology to immunology.

For much of the decade of 1960s and 1970s, Milstein concentrated on the study of antibodies, the protein organisms generated by the immune system to combat and deactivate antigens. His efforts were aimed at analysing myeloma proteins (tumors in cells that produce antibodies), and later DNA and RNA.

Milstein’s most important contribution came in the decade of 1970 when, he, together with Georges Kohler, made revolutionary discovery in the field of immunology and immunogenetics. He came up with theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies. Interestingly, Milstein’s research did not end with the discovery of monoclonal antibody alone. He furthered his research by making major contributions in the improvement and development of monoclonal antibody technology by focusing on the use of monoclonal antibodies.