Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb was married several times. His first wife and chief consort was Dilras Banu Begum. His other notable wives were Begum Nawab Bai, Aurangabadi Mahal, Udaipuri Mahal, and Zainabadi Mahal. He fathered many children including Zeb-un-Nissa, Zinat-un-Nissa, Muhammad Azam Shah, Mehr-un-Nissa, Sultan Muhammad Akbar, Muhammad Sultan, Bahadur Shah I, and Badr-un-Nissa.

He lived a long life and outlived most of his children. He died of illness at the age of 88 on 20 February 1707. He was succeeded by his son Azam Shah who also got killed merely months after becoming the emperor. Aurangzeb’s death effectively marked the beginning of the downfall of the hitherto glorious Mughal Empire.

Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb was born on 4 November 1618, in Dahod, Gujarat, as the third son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. At the time of his birth, his father was a governor of Gujarat; he was officially declared the Mughal Emperor in 1628.

Aurangzeb proved to be a brave soul from a young age and was appointed Viceroy of the Deccan in 1636. He was commanded by his father to annex the small Rajput kingdom of Baglana which he easily did. Impressed by his courage and valour, Shah Jahan appointed him governor of Gujarat, and later governor of Multan and Sindh.

During his father’s reign he held a number of important administrative positions and distinguished himself in all of them. With time Aurangzeb grew ambitious for the throne and developed a rivalry with his eldest brother Dara Shikoh who was designated by their father as his successor to the throne.

Emperor Shah Jahan fell seriously ill in 1657 and Aurangzeb feared that Dara Shikoh might take over the crown. A fierce war of succession among the brothers followed and Aurangzeb eventually emerged victorious. He displayed ruthless determination and excellent strategic skills during the war with his brothers.

He imprisoned Shah Jahan in his own place in Agra, and had his brothers, nephew, and even a son of his own killed in his craze to attain the crown. After eliminating all his rivals, Aurangzeb became the Mughal Emperor and arranged for his coronation on 13 June 1659 at Red Fort, Delhi.

Known for his brutality and intolerance, he also executed several other noted personalities including Sarmad Kashani a controversial Sufi mystic and Sambhaji the leader of the Maratha Confederacy.

An orthodox Sunni Muslim, Aurangzeb decided not to follow the liberal religious viewpoints of his predecessors. He planned to establish the nation as an Islamic state and restricted Hindu festivals and destroyed many Hindu temples. He gained much notoriety for his crimes and brutality against people of other religions. He demolished the Christian settlements near the European factories and had the Sikh leader Guru Tegh Bahadur executed when he refused to convert to Islam.

He implemented several restrictive policies and banned alcohol, gambling, music, and narcotics in the Mughal Empire. Further he imposed discriminatory taxes on non-Muslims and dismissed many Hindus from their jobs. He also forced several non-Muslims to convert to Islam or face dire consequences.

As an aggressive emperor, Aurangzeb fought many wars, the most prominent of them being the Mughal–Maratha Wars which were fought between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire from 1680 to 1707. The war started when Aurangzeb invaded the Maratha enclave in Bijapur established by Shivaji, and continued for the rest of Aurangzeb’s life. These wars played a major role in depleting the resources of the Mughal Empire.