Alfred Nobel

He never married or had children, and was a loner who suffered from bouts of depression.

He loved literature from a young age and used to write poetry. His parents were opposed to his literary pursuits, so he never got his work published.

He was one of the eight children born to Immanuel Nobel and Karolina Andriette. Only Alfred and three of his brothers survived to adulthood while the other children perished. His father was an inventor and engineer.

After unsuccessfully trying to establish a business for years, his father was finally successful in opening a business producing machine tools and explosives.

Private tutors were engaged to educate Alfred and he excelled in his studies. He especially loved chemistry and languages; he was fluent in English, German, French and Russian.

He studied under the chemist Nikolai Zinin and went to Paris in 1850. Such was his love for chemistry that he went to the U.S. as an 18 year old to further his knowledge on the subject. He filed his first patent—for a gas meter—in 1857.

He started working in his father’s factory after completing his studies. The factory came under the control of his brother Ludvig in 1859 and thrived under him. Alfred was deeply interested in studying explosives and obsessively experimented with nitroglycerine, a highly explosive compound.

A tragic accident happened at the shed used for preparing nitroglycerin in which five people, including his younger brother, Emil, were killed. Nobel became more focused on developing explosives that were safer than nitroglycerin.

Through constant experimenting, he found that when nitroglycerin was combined with an absorbent inert substance, it became more convenient to handle and safer to use. This new substance, dynamite, was patented in 1867 and adopted in wide usage in mining internationally. It was the first safely manageable explosive that was stronger than black powder.

Continuing his fascination with nitroglycerin, he mixed it with nitrocellulose compounds and developed a transparent, jelly-like substance which was even more powerful than dynamite. It was called gelignite and patented in 1876. Gelignite was more stable and better for the purpose of mining. This invention helped him amass a great deal of wealth.

His brothers became successful and wealthy businessmen exploiting oilfields along the Caspian Sea. Nobel also invested in their business and became very rich.

He invented the explosive dynamite, which is widely used in mining, quarrying, construction and warfare. Dynamite which is produced using nitroglycerin and some other absorbent material is unstable and dangerous to manufacture. He also invented the explosives gelignite and ballistite.

He laid the foundation for the formation of the Nobel Prizes by leaving a vast portion of his wealth for the establishment of an international prize fund to honor outstanding contributions in several varied fields of science and arts.